Morris Minor

The Morris Minor is a British economy car that debuted at the Earls Court Motor Show, London, on 20 September 1948. Designed under the leadership of Alec Issigonis, more than 1.3 million were manufactured between 1948 and 1972. Initially available as a two-door saloon and tourer (convertible), the range was subsequently expanded to include a four-door saloon in 1950, and in 1952 a wood-framed estate (the Traveller), panel van and pick-up truck variants.

The Minor was manufactured in three series: the MM (1948), the Series II (1952) and finally the 1000 series (1956).

Morris Minor
Overview
Manufacturer	Morris
Production	1948–71; 1,368,291 produced
Assembly	England Australia New Zealand
Designer	Sir Alec Issigonis
Body and chassis
Class	compact
Layout	FR layout
Dimensions
Wheelbase	86 in (2,184 mm)
Length	148 in (3,759 mm)
Width	60 in (1,524 mm)
Height	60 in (1,524 mm)
Curb weight	1,708 lb (775 kg) (four-door saloon)

History

Sir Alec Issigonis' concept was to combine the luxury and convenience of a good motor car at a price affordable by the working classes. The Minor was a roomy vehicle with superior cornering and handling characteristics. Internal politics inside BMC, the owner of Morris, may have led to the limited North American sales. The Minor prototype had been known as the Morris Mosquito. More than 1.3 million of the lightweight, rear-wheel drive cars were eventually produced, mainly in Cowley, Oxfordshire, becoming Britain's first million seller,and exported around the world, with many variants of the original model. Production continued in Birmingham, England until 1972 (for the commercial variants and estate only). The last Morris Minor (commercial) was assembled at Stoke, Nelson, New Zealand in 1974.

Morris Minor bonnet ornament

The Minor has been described as typifying "Englishness" a "British icon" and a "design classic". 

Morris Minor MM

Morris Minor MM
Morris Minor MM 2 door Saloon
Overview
Production	1948–53; 250,962 produced
Assembly	Oxford, England
Body and chassis
Body style	2/4-door saloon 2-door convertible
Powertrain
Engine	918 cc Morris Sidevalve I4
Dimensions
Wheelbase	86 in (2,184 mm)
Length	148 in (3,759 mm)

The original Minor MM series lasted from 1948 until 1953. It included a pair of four-seat saloons, two-door and (from 1950) a four-door, and a convertible four-seat Tourer. The front torsion bar suspension was shared with the larger Morris Oxford, as was the almost-unibody construction. Although the Minor was originally designed to accept a flat-4 engine, with four distinctive gaps in the engine bay to accommodate it, late in the development stage it was replaced by a 918 cc (56.0 cu in) side-valve inline four engine pretty much unchanged from the outgoing Morris 8, and producing 27.5 hp (21 kW) and 39 lbf·ft (53 N·m) of torque. This little engine pushed the Minor to just 64 mph (103 km/h) but delivered 40 miles per imperial gallon (7.1 L/100 km; 33 mpg_-US). Brakes were four-wheel drums.

Early cars had a painted section in the centre of the bumpers to cover the widening of the production car from the prototypes. This widening of 4 inches (102 mm) is also visible in the creases in the bonnet. Exports to the United States began in 1949 with the headlamps removed from within the grille surround to be mounted higher on the wings to meet local safety requirements. In 1950 a four-door version appeared, initially available only for export, and featuring from the start the headlamps faired into the wings rather than set lower down on either side of the grille. The raised headlight position became standard on all Minors in time for 1951. From the start, the Minor had semaphore-type turn indicators, and subsequent Minor versions persisted with these until 1961. An Autocar Magazine road test in 1950 reported that these were "not of the usual self-cancelling type, but incorporate[d] a time-basis return mechanism in a switch below the facia, in front of the driver". It was all too easy for a passenger hurriedly emerging from the front passenger seat to collide with and snap off a tardy indicator "flipper" that was still sticking out of the B-pillar, having not yet been safely returned by the time-basis return mechanism to its folded position. 

Minor Series II

Morris Minor Series II
Overview
Production	1952–56; 269,838 produced
Assembly	Oxford, England, Birmingham, England
Body and chassis
Body style	2/4-door saloon 2-door convertible 2-door estate 2-door pickup truck 2-door van
Powertrain
Engine	803 cc A-series I4

In 1952, the Minor line was updated with an Austin-designed 803 cc (49.0 cu in) overhead valve A-series engine, replacing the original side-valve unit. The engine had been designed for the Minor's main competition, the Austin A30, but became available as Austin and Morris were merged into the British Motor Corporation. The new engine felt stronger, though all measurements were smaller than the old. The 52 second drive to 60 mph (97 km/h) was still calm, with 63 mph (101 km/h) as the top speed. Fuel consumption also rose to 36 miles per imperial gallon (7.8 L/100 km; 30 mpg_-US).

An estate version was introduced, known as the Traveller (a Morris naming tradition for estates, also seen on the Mini), along with van and pick-up versions. The Traveller featured an external structural ash (wood) frame for the rear bodywork, with two side-hinged rear doors. The frame was varnished rather than painted and a highly visible feature of the body style. Rear bodies of the van versions were all steel. The 4-seat convertible and saloon variants continued as well.

The grille was modified in October 1954, and a new dashboard with a central speedometer was fitted. Almost half a million examples had been produced when the line ended in 1956.

The Motor magazine tested a four-door saloon in 1952. It reported a top speed of 62 mph (100 km/h) and acceleration from 0–50 mph (80 km/h) in 28.6 seconds. A fuel consumption of 39.3 miles per imperial gallon (7.19 L/100 km; 32.7 mpg_-US) was recorded. The test car cost £631 including taxes.

Engines:

• 1952–56: 803 cc , A-series inline-four, 30 hp (22 kW) at 4,800 rpm and 40 lbf·ft (54 N·m) at 2,400 rpm. 

Minor 1000

Morris Minor 1000
Overview
Production	1956–71; 847,491 produced
Assembly	Oxford, England, Birmingham, England
Body and chassis
Body style	2/4-door saloon 2-door convertible 2-door estate 2-door pickup truck 2-door van
Powertrain
Engine	948 cc A-series I4 1,098 cc A-series  I4

The car was again updated in 1956 when the engine was increased in capacity to 948 cc (57.9 cu in). The two-piece split windscreen was replaced with a curved one-piece one and the rear window was enlarged. In 1961 the semaphore-style trafficators were replaced by the flashing direction indicators, these were US-style red at the rear (using the same bulb filament as the brake lamp) and white at the front (using a second brighter filament in the parking lamp bulb) which was legal in the UK and many export markets at the time (such as New Zealand). An upmarket car based on the Minor floorpan using the large BMC B-series engine was sold as the Wolseley 1500 beginning in 1957: versions of this Wolseley/Riley variant were also produced by BMC Australia as the Morris Major and Austin Lancer.

Teleplay

                                                                TELEPLAY

Teleplay is a play for television, a comedy or drama written/adapted for television. The term surfaced in 1950s with wide usage to distinguish television plays from theatre plays or stage plays, and screenplays written for films. All three have different formats, conventions and constraints.

There are different types of television plays and also having different time slots. Some television plays are episodic also known as television serials mean the continuation of one story or theme till the end episode. The other is TV series which means that there is always different story or theme in every episode. Some are long plays which may be two or three hours long, they also have different story on every week.

Now a days, the era of computer and information age, the scope of television drama or plays are very wide and so much changed. There is extensive use of computer graphics and special visual effects.

Now there are soap operas, the another format of television play, the soap opera may be run for the several years or 1000+ episodes or may be more. The other formats are telefilms, mini-series, and often use different themes such as science fiction, mythological, medical drama, crime drama, romance, horror/thriller and suspense.

In current era the television plays evolved as a permanent industry, the different teleplays are produced by different production houses which would be operated or managed by CEO, and there are permanent employs like writers, directors, creative directors, script head, script supervisor, script coordinator and cinematographers or cameramen.

Eco-friendly motor vehicles

                                             Eco-Friendly Motor Vehicles

The eco-friendly or environmentally friendly vehicle is a road motor vehicle that produces less harmful impact on the environment, than conventional internal combustion engine running on gasoline or diesel, or any other alternative fuels.

Presently the term is used in some countries for those vehicles, on which complying the more stringent European Emission standards such as (Euro6), or California’s zero emissions vehicle standard (such as ZEV), or the low carbon fuel standards used in several countries.

The eco-friendly vehicles can be run on alternative fuels and may be advanced technologies such as electric-hybrid, plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles, battery-powered vehicles, compressed air vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, neat ethanol vehicles, flexible fuel vehicles, natural gas vehicles, clean diesel vehicles, which might be widely known as biodiesel.

In some sources also used the blend of biodiesel, or ethanol or gasohol. As the part of sustainable transport these vehicles reduce the air pollution, as they consider that they have higher fuel economy than conventional motor vehicles.

The most significant use of alternative propulsion is that:

1)      An efficient engine that reduces the vehicle’s consumption of petroleum.

2)      Using biofuels instead of petroleum fuels.

3)      Proper maintenance of vehicles such as engine tune-ups, oil change, and maintaining proper tire pressure can also be help.

4)      Removing unnecessary items from the vehicle can also reduce the weight, to increase the vehicle’s fuel economy. (e.g., increase the power-to-weight ratio). 

psychology

Psychology

The psychology is the combination of two words psycho means human mind or soul and logos means study. Thus, psychology is deal with the scientific study of human mind/brain.

The psychology covers the wide areas of practical fields now a day, the psychological study deals with military, sports, educational, organizational, industrial, criminal and clinical psychology etc.

The psychology also related with human cognition, perception, thinking process, imagination, and philosophy. In this field the professional practitioner is known as psychologist and can be classified as cognitive, behavioral and social scientist.

Psychologist also explores the physiological and neurobiological functions that underline certain cognitive functions and behaviors. Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationship between psychosocial variables.

The psychological knowledge often applied to the issues/problems of mental health, assessment and treatment. The majority of psychologists are involved in the therapeutic role, practicing in the clinic, counseling or school settings. The one of the field of the psychology is psychoanalysis, which was introduced by the psychologist Sigmund Freud whose works on the sexuality, repression and the unconscious mind are the general concepts for the development of human mind. There are many subfields of the psychology such as biological, developmental, school and educational, evolutionary, personality and social.

There are different research methods like qualitative and quantitative, controlled experiments, survey questionnaires, longitudinal studies, observation in natural settings, neuropsychological methods and computational modeling. 

Gemstones

A gemstone or gem (also called a precious or semi-precious stone, a fine gem, or jewel) is a piece of mineral which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments.However certain rocks  or organic materials that are not minerals (such as amber or jet), are also used for jewelry, and are therefore often considered to be gemstones as well. Most gemstones are hard, but some soft minerals are used in jewelry because of their luster or other physical properties that have aesthetic value. Rarity is another characteristic that lends value to a gemstone. Apart from jewelry, from earliest antiquity until the 19th century engraved gems and hardstone carvings such as cups were major luxury art forms. 

Characteristics and classification

A selection of gemstone pebbles made by tumbling rough rock with abrasive grit, in a rotating drum. The biggest pebble here is 40 mm long (1.6 inches).

The traditional classification in the West, which goes back to the Ancient Greeks, begins with a distinction between precious and semi-precious; similar distinctions are made in other cultures. In modern usage the precious stones are diamond, ruby,sapphire and emerald, with all other gemstones being semi-precious.This distinction reflects the rarity of the respective stones in ancient times, as well as their quality: all are translucent with fine color in their purest forms, except for the colorless diamond, and very hard, with hardnesses of 8 to 10 on the Mohs scale.

In modern times gemstones are identified by gemologists, who describe gems and their characteristics using technical terminology specific to the field of gemology. The first characteristic a gemologist uses to identify a gemstone is its chemical composition. For example, diamonds are made of carbon(C) and rubies of aluminium oxide (Al
2O
3). Next, many gems are crystals which are classified by their crystal system such as cubic or trigonal or monoclinic. Another term used is habit, the form the gem is usually found in. For example diamonds, which have a cubic crystal system, are often found as octahedrons.

Gemstones are classified into different groups, species, and varieties. For example, ruby is the red variety of the species corundum, while any other color of corundum is considered sapphire. Other examples are the Emerald (green), aquamarine (blue), red beryl (red),goshenite (colorless).  They may exhibit double refraction. They may have luminescence and a distinctive absorption spectrum.

Material or flaws within a stone may be present as inclusions.

Gemstones may also be classified in terms of their "water". This is a recognized grading of the gem's luster and/or transparency and/or "brilliance". Very transparent gems are considered "first water", while "second" or "third water" gems are those of a lesser transparency.

Value

Spanish emerald and gold pendant.

Enamelled gold, amethyst and pearl pendant, about 1880, Pasquale Novissimo (1844–1914), V&A Museum number M.36-1928

There is no universally accepted grading system for gemstones. Diamonds are graded using a system developed by the Gemological Institute of America(GIA) in the early 1950s. Historically, all gemstones were graded using the naked eye. The GIA system included a major innovation: the introduction of 10x magnification as the standard for grading clarity. Other gemstones are still graded using the naked eye (assuming 20/20 vision).

A mnemonic device, the "four Cs" (color, cut, clarity and carats), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond. With modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones. The four criteria carry different weight depending upon whether they are applied to colored gemstones or to colorless diamonds. In diamonds, cut is the primary determinant of value, followed by clarity and color. Diamonds are meant to sparkle, to break down light into its constituent rainbow colors (dispersion), chop it up into bright little pieces (scintillation), and deliver it to the eye (brilliance). In its rough crystalline form, a diamond will do none of these things; it requires proper fashioning and this is called "cut". In gemstones that have color, including colored diamonds, it is the purity and beauty of that color that is the primary determinant of quality.

Physical characteristics that make a colored stone valuable are color, clarity to a lesser extent (emeralds will always have a number of inclusions), cut, unusual optical phenomena within the stone such as color zoning (the uneven distribution of coloring within a gem) and asteria (star effects). The Greeks, for example, greatly valued asteria in gemstones, which were regarded as powerful love charms, and Helen of Troy was known to have worn star-corundum. 

Nowadays such a distinction is no longer made by the gemstone trade. Many gemstones are used in even the most expensive jewelry, depending on the brand name of the designer, fashion trends, market supply, treatments, etc. Nevertheless, diamonds, rubies, sapphires, and emeralds still have a reputation that exceeds those of other gemstones.

Gem prices can fluctuate heavily (such as those of tanzanite over the years) or can be quite stable (such as those of diamonds). In general per carat prices of larger stones are higher than those of smaller stones, but popularity of certain sizes of stone can affect prices. Typically prices can range from US$1/carat for a normal amethyst to US$20,000–50,000 for a collector's three carat pigeon-blood almost "perfect" ruby.

Cutting and polishing

Raw gemstones

A rural Thai gem cutter

A few gemstones are used as gems in the crystal or other form in which they are found. Most however, are cut and polished for usage as jewelry. The picture to the right is of a rural, commercial cutting operation in Thailand. This small factory cuts thousands of carats of sapphire annually. The two main classifications are stones cut as smooth, dome shaped stones called cabochons, and stones which are cut with a faceting machine by polishing small flat windows called facets at regular intervals at exact angles.

Stones which are opaque such as opal,turquoise etc. are commonly cut as cabochons. These gems are designed to show the stone's color or surface properties as in opal and star sapphires. Grinding wheels and polishing agents are used to grind, shape and polish the smooth dome shape of the stones. Gems which are transparent are normally faceted, a method which shows the optical properties of the stone's interior to its best advantage by maximizing reflected light which is perceived by the viewer as sparkle. There are many commonly used shapes for faceted stones. The facets must be cut at the proper angles, which varies depending on the optical properties of the gem. If the angles are too steep or too shallow, the light will pass through and not be reflected back toward the viewer. The faceting machine is used to hold the stone onto a flat lap for cutting and polishing the flat facets. Rarely, some cutters use special curved laps to cut and polish curved facets.

Generations of Honda City

First generation (1981–1986)

 

Body and chassis
Body Style	2-door convertible 3-door hatchback/van
Layout	Front engine, front-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine	1,231 cc ER I4
Transmission	4-speed manual 5-speed manual 4+3-speed Hypershift manual 3-speed Hondamatic automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,220 mm (87 in)
Length	3,380–3,420 mm (133–135 in)
Width	1,570–1,625 mm (62–64.0 in)
Height	1,460–1,570 mm (57–62 in)
Curb Weight	640–810 kg (1,410–1,790 lb)

The first Honda City (AA for sedans, VF for vans and FA for the wider Turbo II and Cabriolets) was introduced in November 1981 with the innovative "Tallboy" design; of unusual height it enabled four adults to fit comfortably in the very short City (under 3.4 m or 11.2 ft).

Produced as a 3-door hatchback in a variety of trim levels,a special 50cc 'foldaway' scooter designed to fit in the City's small luggage area. At the time of its introduction, it was Honda's smallest car, while not being in compliance with Japanese Government kei regulations.It was longer than the Honda N360 by 383 millimetres (15.1 in), but shorter than the Honda Civic first generation by 171 millimetres (6.7 in).

The Honda City Turbo was introduced in September 1982. It was powered by a turbocharged version of the 1231 cc Honda ER Engine. A Pininfarina designed drop-top Cabriolet utilized the wider fenders and bigger bumpers of the Turbo II "Bulldog", but was only normally available with the naturally aspirated 67 PS (49 kW) engine. There was also a Pro-series of van versions with either two or four seats. A high-roof "R Manhattan Roof" version with a 10 cm taller roof also appeared.

Exports of the City were primarily to Europe (where it was renamed Honda Jazz, due to Opel having trademarked the City name), Australia (in two-seater 'van' form, to circumvent Australian import restrictions on passenger vehicles at the time) and New Zealand (where it was locally assembled). Production ended in late 1986 with the introduction of the GA type City.

Second generation (1986–1994)

City Series GA1, GA2
Body and chassis
Class	supermini
Body style	3-door hatchback
Layout	Front engine, front-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine	1,238 cc 1,296  cc Carburetor 1,296  cc Fuel injected
Transmission	5-speed manual 4-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,400 mm (94 in)
Length	3,560 mm (140 in) (GA1) 3,605 mm (141.9 in) (GA2)
Width	1,620 mm (64 in)
Height	1,335 mm (52.6 in)
Curb weight	680 kg (1,500 lb) (GA1) 780 kg (1,720 lb) (GA2)
Chronology
Successor	Honda logo Honda Capa

Honda City (GA1)

Honda replaced the original City series AA in November 1986 with this generation (designated GA1), and again with an update in 1989 (GA2). This model was produced until 1994. The Fit name also first appeared as a trim variant of the City. There was no convertible model, with both the convertible and Turbo models of the previous generation continuing on sale for a little while.^[3] In most markets aside from Japan, the City's market position was left open until filled by the Honda logo in 1999.

October 31, 1986 the second City was introduced with the slogan "City of talent." in Japan, and was available at Honda Clio dealerships. 

In this remodel, there are major changes in the appearance of the vehicle Honda called "Crouching form", which consisted of a low and wide design that contributed to lighter vehicle weight (basic grade 680 kg) combined with improvements in driving performance. The styling reflects a corporate decision to enact a shared appearance with the first generation Honda Today kei car, the internationally strong seller, third generation subcompact Honda Civic, and the third generation compact Honda Accord AeroDeck. This generation shared its exterior dimensions and engine size almost exactly with the first generation Civic. The Honda CR-X was the only three-door hatchback that adopted a fastback, sloping rear hatch, similar to the Honda Verno products during the mid-1980s.

The engine configuration introduced the Honda D series, in the form of the type D12A, a 1.2 L SOHC straight-four 16-valve unit (1986, first as a mechanism for domestic vehicles) only available with a single carburetor, and basic level of equipment. The difference between the "GG" / "EE" / "BB" were just in the level of equipment. Power is 76 PS (56 kW) at 6,500 rpm. A five-speed manual or a four-speed automatic transmission were optional

In October 1988 the main engine was changed to 1.3 L I4 SOHC type D13C. At this time, in addition to the traditional single carburetor, and introduced Honda's PGM-FI fuel injection. Single carburetor specification, the 1.2 L "BE" the other 1.3 L "CE" / "CG" is set, PGM-FI, spec, "CR-i" / "CZ-i" and consists of two trim packages.

The "CE" grade equipment with enhanced savings "CE Fit", PGM-FI specification is "CR-i" based only high-grade "CR-i Limited" was introduced, the late "CZ-i" is defined as the minor trim package. The word "Fit" appears as a trim package on the base grade "CE".

At the end of this generation, by grade consolidation, "Fit" is used for all single carburetor vehicles. The trim package "Fit" later became the model name of the successor of the Honda Logo which replaced this car.

The second generation was discontinued in 1993. The name "City" was retired at the end of this series' conclusion of production. 

Third generation (1996–2002)

Third generation (3A2/3A3)
Facelifted third generation Honda City
Overview
Also called	Honda City Type Z
Production	1996-2002
Body and chassis
Body style	4-door sedan
Platform	3A2/3A3
Related	Honda Civic sixth generation
Powertrain
Engine	1.3 L I4 1.5 L  I4 1.5 L VTEC I4
Transmission	5-speed manual 4-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,500 mm (98 in)
Length	4,225 mm (166 in)
Width	1,690 mm (67 in)
Height	1,395 mm (55 in)
Curb weight	940–985 kg (2,072–2,172 lb)

Third generation Honda City, pre-facelift (Malaysia/South East Asia)

Third generation Honda City, post-facelift, Type-Z (Malaysia/South East Asia)

The third generation Honda City, codenamed SX8 but with chassis codes 3A2 (1.3) and 3A3 (1.5), was based on the EF Civic platform. It was designed for and sold in the South East Asian market only, launch with slogan "Smart for the new generation" in 1.3-liter version launch, 1.5-liter version are launch with "Top-in-class smart" slogan . First production began in an all-new plant in Ayutthaya, Thailand, in April 1996. From the beginning, these Thai Citys had more than 70% local content. The bumpers were constructed in three separate pieces to allow for easier shipping from Japan. There were originally a lower grade LXi and a higher-spec EXi available. This generation vehicle was sold in Japan alongside the Honda Domani at Honda Clio dealerships in Japan.

This City is still a subcompact slotting beneath the Honda Civic, but a four-door sedan model instead for developing markets in Asia, and was built in Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and India. A revised, face-lifted third-generation City was released in 2000, called the "City type Z" in some markets. By 2001 a model powered by Honda's 1.5 L VTEC engines (VTi) appeared, featuring a rear-stabilizer for better handling. The facelift model received new front- and taillights, as well as one-piece bumpers.

The third generation city had fuel-injected SOHC 16-valve D-series engines, namely variations of the D13B and D15B. The original 1.3 L (1,343 cc) D13B produced 95 PS (70 kW) at 6,400 rpm for a claimed top speed of 171 km/h (106 mph) and 0–100 km/h in 11.3 seconds. This was later complemented by the 1.5-litre D15B, which was reduced in power for the Asian markets where the car was sold. The D15B engine also arrived in a version featuring VTEC, with an output of 115 PS (85 kW). The VTEC-engined City has a 0–100 km/h time of around 10 seconds.

In many of its intended markets it was one of few sub-compacts with a fully independent rear suspension that was dropped in the later models due to its high cost.

Fourth generation (2002–2008)

Fourth generation [GD8/GD9]
Overview
Also called	Honda Fit Aria Guangzhou-Honda City Honda City ZX Everus S1
Production	2002–2008 2010 - present (Everus S1)
Assembly	Ayutthaya, Thailand (Honda Ayutthaya Plant) Sayama, Saitama, Japan Greater Noida, India Guangzhou, China Lahore, Pakistan
Body and chassis
Body style	4-door sedan
Layout	FF layout  (GD8) 4WD layout (GD9)
Related	Honda Fit/Jazz Honda Airwave
Powertrain
Engine	1.3 L i-DSI SOHC I4 1.5 Li-DSI SOHC I4 1.5 L  VTEC SOHC I4
Transmission	5-speed manual 7-speed Multimatic CVT
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,450 mm (96 in)
Length	4,390 mm (173 in)
Width	1,690 mm (67 in)
Height	1,485 mm (58.5 in)
Curb weight	1,090 kg (2,400 lb)

Honda City (fourth generation), pre-facelift (Malaysia/South East Asia)

Honda City (fourth generation), first facelift (Malaysia/South East Asia)

The fourth generation City made its world debut at the Thailand International Motor Expo in November 2002. It was now offered as a four-wheel drive version. It was imported from Thailand and launched as Fit Aria in Japan domestic market from December 20, 2002. The word "aria" is a type of expressive melody, usually heard in opera. In the People's Republic of China, the model was named Fit Saloon and was sold from September 2003 to the December 2008.

The Honda City was initially launched with a twin-spark, lean burn ‘i-DSI’ engine producing 88ps that was primarily designed to provide outstanding fuel economy. The VTEC version of the Honda city is launched later. The VTEC trim of the Honda city is offered with 15-inch alloy wheels compared to the 14-inch offered in the i-DSI and the rear brakes are solid discs on the VTEC variant instead of drums in the i-DSI. Also, the VTEC model uses a 7-speed Multimatic CVT automatic transmission.

Speedometer dials on a Honda City Vtec model.

In September 2005, a face-lifted version of the City was launched in Thailand, Malaysia in October 2005, and Indonesia in November 2005. In Thailand it is known as the City ZX. The most significant changes are a new exterior (new front grille, new headlamps, new fog lights, new tailights and bumpers). The front end has been extended forward by 65 mm (2.6 in) while the rear has been extended by 15 mm (0.6 in). The side mirror is electronically foldable. Both the i-DSI and VTEC trim levels have 15-inch alloy wheels as standard equipment. Interior changes are minor but it does include an armrest for the driver and additional map lights. The interior colour tone of the VTEC variant is now black.

Honda City in India, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Pakistan, Singapore and Malaysia uses the CVT gearbox for both i-DSI and VTEC variants. The CVT gearbox simulates a 7-Speed automatic transmission with Tiptronic style override using paddle shift buttons on the steering wheel itself.

The fourth generation was resurrected in China as the Everus S1, a new budget car brand for previous Honda models.

Fifth generation (2008–present)

Fifth generation (GM2/GM3)
Overview
Also called	Guangzhou-Honda City Honda Ballade (South Africa) Honda City S
Production	2008–2010
Body and chassis
Body style	4-door sedan
Layout	FF layout
Powertrain
Engine	1.3 L i-VTEC SOHC I4 94hp 1.5 L i-VTEC SOHC I4 117hp 1.8 L i-VTEC SOHC I4 140hp
Transmission	5-speed manual 5-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,550 mm (100 in)
Length	4,415 mm (173.8 in)
Width	1,695 mm (66.7 in)
Height	1,470 mm (58 in)
Curb weight	1,095–1,155 kg (2,414–2,546 lb)

The fifth generation Honda City was unveiled in Bangkok, Thailand in September 2008 followed by launches in India, Pakistan, Malaysia,Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore and China (Guangzhou Honda) in the following months. It is manufactured in number of locations including Thailand, Pakistan and Brazil.

Depending on market conditions, the City is available in a range if engine and specification levels. Generally in Asian markets the City comes in three variants – S, V and SV models. In some markets the V and SV is replaced by the E. For South America the range includes the DX, LX, EX, and EXL models.

The range of four-cylinder engines include a 1.3 producing 73 kW (98 hp) at 6,000 rpm, a 1.5 engine putting out 120 PS (88 kW), which both are available in manual and automatic transmissions (Indonesia) and a 1.8-liter  engine (China markets only).In South America the range is offered with the i-VTEC 1.5-liter flex-fuel engine that is shared with the Brazilian Honda Fit. The power output is 115 hp with petrol and 116 hp using ethanol. Manual and automatic gearboxes are available.

The City was briefly offered in selected European countries including Poland with a 1.4-litre i-VTEC engine mated to either a 5-speed manual or a 6-speed i-SHIFT automated manual transmission.

Honda City rear view.

Since it was launched in India in November 2008, the City became the best-selling model of the company in the country, with sales volume even surpassing that of Thailand, previously the best selling market for the City. The Honda City has been the leader in the premium mid-sized sedan segment for a decade, with 35% market share in 2010.

In February 2009, Honda Australia have released the Thai-made City into the Australian market in two 1.5-litre variants (VTi and VTi-L). According to Honda Australia's boss, Yasuhide Mizuno, the City will compete with other light sedans such as the Japanese built Toyota Yaris, the Korean-madeHolden Barina and the Nissan Tiida (also Thai). This will be the first City released in Australia since the 1980s. It replaces the formerly smaller-sized Civics.

The City was launched in 2011 in South Africa as the Ballade, to fit below the Civic and above the Jazz (Fit) sold there.

Facelift

In September 2011, Honda Automobile (Thailand) Ltd revealed the revamped Honda City, with new front grille design, new front and rear bumpers, new taillamps design, new alloy wheels, eco driving indicator and dual front airbags to every model. The revised model was launched in India in December 2011 including five variants - Corporate, E, S, V and V (Sunroof) - and increased ground clearance to 165mm (previously 160mm) and also length increased by 20mm.

Honda Siel Cars India the Indian subsidiary of Honda Motors has launched the facelifted Honda City 2012 in India. The new Honda City 2012 is launched in India in seven variants. All variants are powered by the same 1.5 litre i-VTEC petrol engine which delivers 118PS of power with 146Nm of maximum torque. Also, the company is planning to launch the Honda City diesel variants in the local market, which is expected to be launched by the end of year 2012. Here is the list of Honda City petrol models with their respective features.